Product Description

Listen to a short interview with Giles Slade
Host: Chris Gondek | Producer: Heron & Crane

If you've replaced a computer lately--or a cell phone, a camera, a television--chances are, the old one still worked. And chances are even greater that the latest model won't last as long as the one it replaced. Welcome to the world of planned obsolescence--a business model, a way of life, and a uniquely American invention that this eye-opening book explores from its beginnings to its perilous implications for the very near future.

Made to Break is a history of twentieth-century technology as seen through the prism of obsolescence. America invented everything that is now disposable, Giles Slade tells us, and he explains how disposability was in fact a necessary condition for America's rejection of tradition and our acceptance of change and impermanence. His book shows us the ideas behind obsolescence at work in such American milestones as the inventions of branding, packaging, and advertising; the contest for market dominance between GM and Ford; the struggle for a national communications network, the development of electronic technologies--and with it the avalanche of electronic consumer waste that will overwhelm America's landfills and poison its water within the coming decade.

History reserves a privileged place for those societies that built things to last--forever, if possible. What place will it hold for a society addicted to consumption--a whole culture made to break? This book gives us a detailed and harrowing picture of how, by choosing to support ever-shorter product lives we may well be shortening the future of our way of life as well.

Product Details

• Amazon Sales Rank: #905935 in Books
• Published on: 2006-04-15
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Hardcover
• 336 pages

From Publishers Weekly
The flip side of America's worship of novelty is its addiction to waste, a linkage illuminated in this fascinating historical study. Historian Slade surveys the development of disposability as a consumer convenience, design feature, economic stimulus and social problem, from General Motors' 1923 introduction of annual model changes that prodded consumers to trade in perfectly good cars for more stylish updates, to the modern cell-phone industry, where fashion-driven "psychological obsolescence" compounds warp-speed technological obsolescence to dramatically reduce product life-cycles. He also explores the debate over "planned obsolescence"-decried by social critics as an unethical affront to values of thrift and craftsmanship, but defended as a Darwinian spur to innovation by business intellectuals who further argued that "wearing things out does not produce prosperity, but buying things does." Slade's even-handed analysis acknowledges both manufacturers' manipulative marketing ploys and consumers' ingrained love of the new as motors of obsolescence, which he considers an inescapable feature of a society so focused on progress and change. His episodic treatment sometimes meanders into too-obscure byways, and his alarm at the prospect of thrown-away electronic gadgets overflowing landfills and poisoning the water supply seems overblown. But Slade's lively, insightful look at a pervasive aspect of America's economy and culture make this book a keeper.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

From Booklist
Americans threw out 315 million computers in 2004, and 100 million cell phones in 2005. Most were still usable, and all contain permanent biological toxins (PBTs). Electronic trash, or e-waste, is rapidly becoming a catastrophic problem. To understand how we ended up in this alarming predicament, Slade recounts the fascinating history of American consumer culture and the engineering of our "throw-away ethic." Quoting an eye-opening array of primary sources, he exposes the strategies of obsolescence, first explicating the techniques companies have used to stimulate perpetual dissatisfaction with the old and desire for the new, thus engendering "psychological obsolescence." Next, he meticulously documents the establishment of the much more diabolical "planned obsolescence," the deliberate use of poor-quality materials to create a product's built-in "death date." Along the way, Slade portrays seminal inventors, advertisers, moguls, and their critics, while relating hard-to-believe stories about the machinations of such marketplace powerhouses as the automotive and communications industries. Slade's fresh and thought-provoking analysis of conspicuous consumption and its unintended environmental consequences closes with a clarion call for combating e-waste. Donna Seaman
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved

Review
The flip side of America's worship of novelty is its addiction to waste, a linkage illuminated in this fascinating historical study. Historian Slade surveys the development of disposability as a consumer convenience, design feature, economic stimulus and social problem, from General Motors' 1923 introduction of annual model changes that prodded consumers to trade in perfectly good cars for more stylish updates, to the modern cell-phone industry, where fashion-driven "psychological obsolescence" compounds warp-speed technological obsolescence to dramatically reduce product life-cycles. He also explores the debate over "planned obsolescence" decried by social critics as an unethical affront to values of thrift and craftsmanship, but defended as a Darwinian spur to innovation by business intellectuals who further argued that "wearing things out does not produce prosperity, but buying things does." Slade's even-handed analysis acknowledges both manufacturers' manipulative marketing ploys and consumers' ingrained love of the new as motors of obsolescence, which he considers an inescapable feature of a society so focused on progress and change...Slade's lively, insightful look at a pervasive aspect of America's economy and culture make this book a keeper. (Publisher's Weekly 20060427)

Slade's fresh and thought-provoking analysis of conspicuous consumption and its unintended environmental consequences closes with a clarion call for combating e-waste.
--Donna Seaman (Booklist 20060416)

Each year consumers replace old but still-functioning cell phones, televisions, computers, and other electronic items with newer, sleeker models. The discarded items end up in landfills, where they slowly leach their toxic components. Slade examines how obsolenscence became a way of life in the United States. (Science News 20060528)

A primer for the techno-curious, Giles Slade's Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America outlines the rapid growth of our waste culture beginning with 19th-century paper shirt collars and safety razors. As Americans grew nonchalant about throwing away common items, manufacturers developed advertising practices convincing consumers that larger belongings (like cars), too, had shelf lives, justifying the "throwaway ethic" that pervades modern society...Slade keeps the topic of technological obsolescence interesting with engrossing factoids and anecdotes while sounding an alarm for the e-obsessed.
--Stacy Klein (Playboy 20060604)

Giles Slade traces the roots of our love affair with 'repetitive buying' in a new book, Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America. It's an eye-opening look at corporate greed and at the statistics of American consumerism.
--Faye B. Zuckerman (Providence Journal 20060807)

[A] troubling and important book: At least 90 percent of the 315 million still-functional personal computers discarded in North America in 2004 were trashed, and more than 100 million cell phones--200,000 tons' worth--were thrown away in 2005. Things are likely to get much worse in the near future, and this assessment frames Slade's engaging examination of the various kinds of obsolescence that contribute to the problem. (San Francisco Chronicle 20060629)

Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America is a fascinating, vexing, even enraging history of our "throw-away ethic." Drawing on a wealth of rarely consulted primary sources and writing with lucidity and vigor, Slade documents the creation of consumer culture and the engineering of obsolescence...Informative and entertaining, Slade reveals the thinking behind so much of what we take for granted today in terms of branding, extravagant packaging, ever-changing styles and the many forms of overt and covert advertising that dominate our media and public spaces. But the real shock is found in his thoroughly researched revelations regarding "planned obsolescence," manufacturing techniques used to "artificially limit the durability of a manufactured good in order to stimulate repetitive consumption." This is the secret of the made-to-break strategy, a shameful, shadow side of American know-how...Not only is Made to Break rich in history and analysis, it also contains vivid profiles of seminal inventors, advertising pioneers, inventive business moguls and prescient social critics. Creativity and greed, innovation and irresponsibility, malevolence and hubris, conformity and dissent--all combine in a tale of American ingenuity run amok...We depend on writers like...Giles Slade...--writers working in the great tradition of bold and rigorous American thinkers, observers, critics and muckrakers from Henry David Thoreau to Upton Sinclair, Aldo Leopold, Rachel Carson and Bill McKibben--to shake us awake, dispel the fever dream of consumerism and reveal the true cost of our love for technology and our obsession with machines and disposable goods. And as precise as...Slade...[is] in [his] coverage of the garbage crisis, [he is] equally meticulous in [his] explications of solutions.
--Donna Seaman (Chicago Tribune 20060713)

Giles Slade has produced a riveting piece of cultural history to explain the veritable mushroom cloud of electronic waste threatening our planet, while hinting suggestively at why the public seems so detached from the crisis and even its role in creating it...[An] engrossing tale...[Slade is] a thinker worth heeding.
--Heather Menzies (Globe and Mail 20060717)

The propensity to buy, discard, and buy again is no accident, explains Giles Slade in the engaging Made to Break, which chronicles the history and consequences of Americans' obsession with the next new thing.
--Elizabeth Grossman (Grist 20060811)

Made to Break is both entertaining and thought-provoking.
--John Emsley (Nature 20061118)

[Slade's] book is not just about the manufacture of modern must-haves, but how bad they are for the planet when they become must-bins.
--Shane Hegarty (Irish Times 20070401)

In Made to Break, Giles Slade provides a well-researched and readable account of the history of capital production and product consumption in America over the past century.
--Austin Williams (Times Literary Supplement )

Computers, TV sets, and, especially, cell phones are treated as disposable in our society, but sending them to landfills will be hugely injurious to our planet down the road. In this book, packed with thought-provoking digressions, Giles Slade wonders why we don't demand durability in our material goods.
--Rebecca Wigod (Vancouver Sun )

Best book for someone whose web browser just doesn't work anymore: Made to Break by Giles Slade. The Richmond, B.C. author's book traces the history of planned obsolescence back to the paper shirt-collar and the mass-market wristwatch. It's lively, thorough, and might just make you reconsider the beauty of the iPod. (The Tyee )

Giles Slade's book is an engaging overview of the American consumer's relationship to disposability, fashion, innovation, and "obsolescence" in mass-produced commodities of all sorts during the twentieth century. It will be useful as an introduction to these issues for casual readers and secondary students.
--Greg Downed (American Historical Review )

Customer Reviews

An interesting look at obsolescence
Giles Slade opens this monograph with a flurry of astounding facts: in 2004, 315 million working PCs were thrown out in North America alone, and in the following year over 100 million cell phones joined them on the trashheap. That's tons of electronic equipment-larded with non-biogradable components and toxic waste-filling up garbage dumps around the world.

What drives this rush to trash? According to Slade, it obsolescence, rather than failure. Your last computer likely didn't wear out-you junked it because a faster, lighter, and spiffier one came out.

Since the Great Depression, it's been clear that consumption, rather than production, drives the economy. With America getting more efficient at producing goods, it follows that, to precent another economic downturn, someone has to convince people to buy more goods.

Slade traces the roots of "repetitive consumption back to the beginnings of branding and packaging in the middle of the 19th century. Over time, the American ethic of thrift collapsed before social pressures to buy new, rather than save the old. The first several chapters nicely sketch the cultural changes-and their underlying economic drivers-that created the annual model change. Similarly, producers began obliquely discussing "planned obsolescene." This could mean, in the case of automobiles, that the customer would decide on his own to buy a more up-to-date car in the latest model, or, in some cases, that internal components unable to be replaced would fail after a set lifespan. "Death dating" products was a controversial practice, but many in various industries (particularly consumer electronics) supported it.

The author is at his best when he is talking about the pivotal players-such as GM's Alfred Sloan and RCA's David Sarnoff-and the modern development of planned obsolescence. He also deftly handles the transition from mechanical obsolescence to psychological obsolescence-the thing that makes some people buy a new car every two years, despite the fact that their old one still works fine. Advertising and marketing efforts convinced the public that, in almost every case, newer was better. Slade uncovers just how our disposable goods, from razors to Razrs, came to be.

The book veers slightly in a chapter on "Weaponizing Obsolescence," which details a compex scheme under which American counter-espionage agents allowed the Soviets to "steal" plans for technology that was designed to fail. While it's a compelling story-you can easily see that this is a screenplay in the making-it takes the book a little off course, and might have been better as a standlone article or book in its own right. Also, there might have been more discussion of another force driving disposable electronics: rising wages and lower costs of finished goods. The parts needed to repair your broken DVD player are probably not expensive, but buying an hour of a trained mechanic's time to repair it is likely more than the original cost. Therefore, it makes more sense to throw it out and buy anew than to get it fixed. Surely, that's got just as much to do with the rise of disposabiltiy as clever marketing.

All in all, this is a good book that raises many troubling questions, particuarly this one: what are we going to do with all of our "obsolete" trash? I recommend it for anyone who's interested in the history of technology, the economy, or consumer electronics.

Smart, engaging history
This book ain't perfect. Slade neglects to carefully distinguish planned obsolescence from other sorts. And the Cold War chapter really doesn't belong in the book. But there are no conspiracy theories here; the only conspiracy in Slade's argument is the profit motive. That is, to the extent that selling products with a short lifespan is more profitable than the alternative, companies will seek to do it. Far from being a lunatic "theory," this is marketing 101. And Slade -- as Vance Packard did before him -- documents it with the words of marketers themselves.

Libertarians who believe that the market delivers only teddy bears and chocolates aren't going to like this book. But for the rest of us, it's an engaging, critical look at how we got to a place where $400 music players and fancy cell phones have become throwaway items.

Made to Mislead
The title "Made to Break" evokes the impression that in some grand conspiracy of sorts the vast majority of products are purposely manufactured to fail, a notion that borders on an urban legend. Giles Slade, billed as an "independent scholar", seems to have started with this premise and then gone in search of support for it. He finds possible clues for variants of this premise in 1920's and 30's business writing but little evidence for any organized, widespread and purposeful manufacturing of modern products so they will break in a short period of time (page 79). Upon failing to find a strong case of what he is looking for, he dismisses arguments to the contrary and assumes it happens anyway (page 81). Failing to show planned physical obsolescence by programmed product failure, he next appeals to the concept of "planned psychological obsolescence". He then blames advertising for whipping consumers into a habitual buying frenzy, a case that has been made by many previous critics of our consumer culture. Of course, there's nothing at all new or particularly revealing in his accusation.

Only the very last 20 pages of the book (261-281) are devoted to e-waste despite the cover graphic's come on. This isn't even enough coverage to make for a good magazine article. A little planned false advertising maybe? Also interesting to note is that the cover photo shows a shipping container of computer monitors that appear ready for landfill disposal where they will proceed to poison all our water, according to Slade's book at least. Until, that is, you accidentally read the photo credit and caption (in very small print by the way) on the inside back of the jacket cover: "The monitors are bound for China where they will be recycled into televisions".

Not surprisingly, Slade is somewhat disposed toward conspiracy theories. He devotes 33 pages to interesting but largely irrelevant spy stories (pages 227-260), sixty-five percent more pages than to the e-waste issue. Of course like any good "C" theorist, he had already talked about the Masons (page 72).

So at a minimum, the title "Made to Break" is somewhat misleading, perhaps purposely so in order to increase sales of the book. But more unsettling to me is that I believe the book is less than totally honest, a pretty harsh criticism that I make only after considerable thought. Let me give only a few of many examples.

Slade makes no mention of the many authors before him, Tenner's "Why Technology Bites Back" and Doner's "The Logic of Failure" for example, who have discussed how product failure stimulates progress and invention and that the complexity of modern products makes some failures virtually inevitable. Even with the best of intentions, we simply cannot make a perfect design the first time out or even the third time out for that matter. And there is no mention whatsoever of Rathje and Murphy's well researched book "Rubbish". "Rubbish" is a wonderful account of the science of garbage, especially the landfill issues Slade so exaggerates.

Citing no evidence at all, Slade on page 37 says that the model T's reliability was greater than any non-luxury car before or since! Hmmm? Hard to believe he's not aware of the 200,000 mile Datsun pickups, Hondas, Volkswagens and Subarus, one of which I owned? He also mentions on page 67 that a 1932 article in "Fortune" magazine "marked the first time that obsolescence was used to describe the social reality that human workers could be replaced by machines". Amazingly, Slade fails to make any mention whatsoever of the English Luddites of 1811 who often destroyed textile machinery in their revolt against being displaced by these same machines. And in America, the folk song John Henry is about the contest between man and machine, among other things of course. Such misstatement of historical fact is not easy to overlook.

According to Slade, ancient Egyptians made monuments to last for generation whereas North Americans make just about everything to break. Forget that the pyramids were built by slaves for a monarchy of indescribable wealth and that their graves were filled with tons of gold artifacts (disposable?). And what about Buddhist temples that are purposely made of wood and meant to be replaced as a symbol of our impermanence? If Slade is going to invoke cross-cultural comparisons to bolster his argument he should at least be accurate and not so selective in his use of historical factoids.

And Slade has a hard time distinguishing between innovation, invention, creativity and "psychological obsolescence". On pages 54 and 55 he opines that new music makes older music psychologically obsolete, new books make older stories obsolete, new movies make older movies obsolete, etc. And, get this, the makers of movies, books and music actually plan to do this. Planned psychological obsolescence exposed! I get the impression that if Slade had his way we would all be watching 1939's "Gone with the Wind" over and over and over and over. No "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest", no "Brazil", no "Finding Nemo" since it was clearly planned obsolescence that spawned these wasteful products. And "War and Peace" would be the last novel we ever needed. Think of all the paper we could have saved. You get the picture. I cringe to think of the world Slade would have us live in. The word troglodyte comes to mind.

But in the end does Slade eventually redeem himself with the insightfulness of his conclusion? Well, on the very last page of the book here's his thundering conclusion regarding our plight of possibly being buried in e-waste? The solution to the e-waste dilemma "must be the joint effort of informed consumers and responsive manufacturers" (page 281). Hold it, hold it! Where's my quill and parchment? I need to write that down.

The sad part is that there appears to be some interesting material in "Made to Break". Unfortunately, its veracity is not easily checked and is called into question because so many other parts of the book are factually inaccurate or misleading. It's too bad that Slade didn't use this material and his time to put together an articulate discussion of e-waste rather than producing a redundant, muddled polemic about wasteful North American consumers and sleazy, greedy manufacturers.

Slade's book is actually a disservice. A disservice because it gives the impression that our disposable culture is basically the product of bad people who "seemingly worship convenience and greed" as opposed to ancient Egyptians for whom "history reserves a privileged place because of their rich conception of the afterlife" (back cover flap). Slade's assertions and very puzzling comparison with ancient Egyptians distracts us from understanding failures as a result of system complexities and dealing with the perverse incentives in our current economic system and how we might modify them to decrease e-waste. There are much better books on this subject, McDonough and Braungart's "Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things" for example.

I bought a used copy of "Made to Break". Perhaps you should to. That way, lots of paper will be saved by preventing a second printing.