Product Description

Rita Carter ponders the nature, origins, and purpose of consciousness in this fascinating inquiry into the toughest problem facing modern science and philosophy. Building on the foundation of her bestselling book Mapping the Mind, she considers whether consciousness is merely an illusion, a by-product of our brain's workings, some as yet inexplicable feature or property of the material universe or-as the latest physics may suggest-the very fundament of reality. Little, she discovers, is as it first seems. Carter draws from a solid body of knowledge-empirical findings and theoretical hypotheses--about consciousness, much of it derived from recent discoveries about the brain. Her lively, accessible narrative ranges widely over new ways of thinking about the subject and what direction new research is taking. Leading scholars from a range of perspectives provide topical essays that complement Carter's account. The book also discusses how traditional approaches-philosophical, scientific, and experiential-might be brought together to create a more complete understanding of consciousness. Illustrations: 95 color illustrations, 6 b/w photographs, 14 b/w illustrations

Product Details

• Amazon Sales Rank: #240779 in Books
• Published on: 2002-09-02
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Binding: Hardcover
• 320 pages

From Library Journal
Neuroscientists and philosophers refer to consciousness as "the hard problem." The most fundamental questions are still open to debate. What exactly is consciousness? How does a phenomenon that seems so immaterial arise from that wet ball of glop we call a brain? (Indeed, does it arise from matter at all or arrive from somewhere else?) While Carter, who probed the "easy problems" (emotion, perception, and thought) in her acclaimed Mapping the Mind, does not claim to have solved these dilemmas, she argues that empirical findings point toward an answer. Her goal is to provide an overview of those data for nonspecialists. In this she succeeds admirably, rendering difficult material both interesting and comprehensible. A notable feature is the inclusion of sidebars by a number of experts in consciousness research, explaining their own theories or describing certain topics in greater detail. The book itself is very handsome, with charming illustrations that also show a number of the "thought experiments" that are an important part of consciousness research. Informed readers of all backgrounds will love this. Highly recommended for all public and academic libraries. Mary Ann Hughes, Neill P.L., Pullman, WA
Copyright 2002 Reed Business Information, Inc.

Review
"An excellent introduction for those who want to glimpse the state of play. The book is glossy, richly illustrated and enthusiastic - a welcoming text for a difficult subject.... A very faithful reflection of the state of mind science." - John McCrone, The Guardian; "[Carter] is an award-winning scientific journalist who conveys a real sense of excitement.... The sheer scope of Carter's project is stunning and she handles her material with style and confidence, addressing a broad range of topics in the space of a few hundred pages.... Carter is to be congratulated for her clear journalistic exposition of some key ideas and for avoiding pomposity and arrogance." - Nature; "Through accounts of thought experiments and laboratory studies, Carter gives us a sense of how eerie consciousness really is...[and] offers us a ghost story that also turns out to be a whodunit." - American Scientist. "In a breezy and clear style, Carter provides a broad, lucid survey of most of the Interesting ideas and people involved in the trendy field of consciousness research, pulling together many disparate philosophical and scientific views." - John Horgan, author of The Undiscovered Mind; "A treasure trove of fact, argument and opinion, doing an excellent job of conveying both research and controversies. The general reader will find it filled with stimulating material, and it makes a fine textbook for consciousness studies." - New Scientist"

From the Inside Flap
"In a breezy and clear style, Carter provides a broad, lucid survey of most of the interesting ideas and people involved in the trendy field of consciousness research, pulling together many disparate philosophical and scientific views."--John Horgan, author of The Undiscovered Mind: How the Human Brain Defies Replication, Medication, and Explanation

Customer Reviews

A Real Adventure
Is it a text book? A coffee table book? The book is at first confusing with a glossy multimedia extravaganza of illustrations and sidebars, and I'm sure, if the publisher could have managed it, there would have been a new-age soundtrack too. It has very heavy glossy pages; 133 great illustrations, but most of them are unreferenced by the text and in that sense superfluous. The book has roughly 40 "sidebars" of 1 to 4 pages, and most of these are unreferenced. There was even one sidebar that was interleaved with another. In chapter 3 there are 22 pages of text and 16 pages of sidebar! Some sidebars are titled by a well-known scientist, and seem to be invited mini-essays sprinkled about, but there was no further explanation. You are never sure when you are supposed to interrupt the flow of the text to look at the numerous sidebars or illustrations. (I read them first as I started each new chapter).

Given the nature of the delivery, I was prepared for a book of glossy fluff with a vague attempt at ideas. But my first impression was wrong. As I got into swing of the book, it seemed that the whole circus was brilliantly intentional. We are made much more conscious of the book, and ourselves reading the book. That seemed appropriate under the circumstances, given its title. The writing flows logically, and is clear with many well chosen metaphors. The writing has a great deal of whimsy, and I often found myself laughing (LOL.) In the sidebars, nothing is more entertaining than seeing respected scientists taking pot-shots at each others ideas, and there is a lot of controversy. A few areas get bogged in difficult concepts so that you are forced to think a bit harder.

One aspect that makes this book interesting concerns the "easier problems" that allow an objective scientific investigation. Details of the neural pathways involved in various aspects of perception and understanding were found by many brain imaging techniques. Also brain injury such as strokes show how a suddenly damaged section of the brain affects consciousness. (Good references that also cover this aspect are Restak's "The Modular Brain" and the newer Heilman's "Matter of Mind.") There are many simple experiments that are quite surprising and revealing. The author pieces these experiments and discoveries together and shows many astonishing things that consciousness is *not*.

One particularly amazing experiment involves placing EEG sensors and telling a subject to make a hand movement spontaneously whenever he felt like it. Surprisingly the EEG measured a "Readiness Potential" that always precedes the decision by at least 0.35 seconds. In other words the experimenter knows when the subject is going to move the hand before the subject wills it. Where, then does our consciousness come from? What does this do to the concept of free will?! There are many other experiments that show just how fractured consciousness is, and how it often seems to be an illusion. Consciousness is definitely not what we first think it is.

The book covers the neurological bases of many disorders, sometimes showing maps of the neurological flow, and pinpointing where the flow is compromised. The book covers what happens in the brain for states such as Tourette's syndrome, autism, schizophrenia, multiple personalities, dreaming, advanced meditation, panic attacks, etc. All of these aspects and abnormalities of consciousness appear quite as logical, as a computer program (with bugs).

However, the "hard problem" is not what consciousness isn't. It is what consciousness is. Brain maps will not answer that question. There are many theories of the nature of consciousness and the author is very objective about not favoring one over another, but provides enough insight so that the reader can start out unbiased. Theories range from the religious and spiritual to hard scientific monism. Yes, the nature of consciousness is not understood, and the author makes no pretense of it. (Unlike Dennett's book "Consiousness Explained").

Most books on consciousness focus on an author's personal theory, and are often limited in scope. Exploring Consciousness covers the gamut from older background to the current state of the science, and unfolds everything in a fresh perspective. The whimsy, bursts of ideas, illustrations all over the place, and the extraordinary discoveries that alter the picture of just who we are, make this book a real adventure.

READ THIS, IF NOTHING ELSE, ON CONSCIOSUNESS
The scientific study of consciousness has become an independent field already. No more can an author start a work on the subject complaining about how little is known, or how the subject is ignored, or how mystery surround the whole enterprise. Data on consciousness seems to come out of every laboratory, and new books are published monthly dealing specifically with consciousness and its physical basis. Given that this is roughly the state of the field, this book arrives in percfect timing, as quite possibly the first "real" textbook of the science of consciousness.

True, there have been many popular books on the subject, and amazingly complete collections of both philosophical and scientific issues relating to consciousness. But in most of these, researchers advance their personal theories, or philosophers argue in favour of various diferent positions, and at the end leave one with only one side of the debate, or with too specific information that one cannot put toghether into a larger picture.

This book, however, is diferent. Carter remains mostly objective, and manages to go over most of the major points of the dificult subject that is consicousness. As in any other textbook, of course, what is sacrified is detail. Everything ranging from embodiement, neuropsychology, neuroscience, the self, agency and ownerhsip, psi research and the quantum, philosophy and the hard problem, is given space and is covered adequately. All of this would be meaningless if it was not as clearly explained, and the book as clearly written, as was possible. Carter managed this and more. If the layperson was to read only one book on the subject, I am convinced it should be this one.

The layout of the book adds to its value. In between the text are various illustrations that, well, illustrate various points. There are also little esays by prominent figures in the field that go into more specific sub-issues. These are I think both helpful and flawed. Helpful, because they aquaint the newcomer with some important matters, but flawed because thay are so brief as to leave out other equaly important matters.

Not all can be praise, however. Carter first and most obvious flaw in writting is her incredibly small bibliography and citation, that gives the impression the author is not familiar with the literature. The chapter on the evolution of consicousness, for example, draws almost exclusively from work done by Nicholas Humphrey. His work is brilliant, but how forget Mandler, Denton, Donald, McPhail, among many, many others. The chapters on consicousness and the brain are good, but given that there are dozens of books on that specific issue, it seemed a bit plain. No mention of neruochemical theories, of the work of Weiskrantz, Baars, Newman, Delacour, Taylor, Cotterill, among many, many others. All of this is related as well with some little errors in content, like for example (and this is recurring) the claim that no visual consciousness can exist without v1 (area). Crick and Kotch, Lumer and ffytche, Weiskrantz, all have done experimental work that says otherwise.

Finally, there is the hard problem and psi research. Psi research should always be arround when one talks about consciousness, and so should quantum theories of consicousness. Carter almost only passingly mentions these fields, and the book is not a good introduction to these two sub-issues. Carter also constantly says not much can be said about the hard problem, about qualia. I think this is wrong, and showed to be so by data she presents in the book itself. If qualia are correlated to brain activity, transcranial stimulation of that brain area shown to cause that qualia, and damage of it shown to abolish qualia, is this not just a couple of steps away from understannding what qualia is all about? I am going to be optimistic and say that it is.

Do Not Trust This Book
I urge you not to read this book simply because it will lie to you. Rita Carter is not a scientist and not qualified to write about the things she does in this book. As a result, there are many errors. For example:

A) She explains that when an atom gains an electron it becomes positively charged... I don't know where she was during that grade 9 science class.

B) There is a diagram of the nervous system in which the left brain is attached to the left half of the body... What was the first thing you learned about the two hemispheres?

C) She explains an experiment that showed that babies are born with a fear of heights. I just saw a video of that experiment in psychology class and it actually came to the conclusion that babies are not born with a fear of heights, although they do have depth perception, but they quickly learn to be afraid of them.

It's also poorly organized and focuses mainly on the 'wacky' ideas about consciousness rather that taking an objective look at it.

There is a great book on the same subject called CONSCIOUSNESS: A USER'S GUIDE, by Zeman. The author is a neuroscientist, the book is much more organized, he covers all the scientific and philosophical arguments to date in a very clear and concise manner, it is very well written, he includes a chapter on just the nervous system for lay readers, unlike Rita Carter he sources all his information and diagrams, he gives suggestions for further reading,...